Overview of Head & Neck Cancers
A diagnosis of head and neck cancer can be life-changing. Understanding the symptoms, treatment options, and what to expect can help you feel more in control during this challenging time. This page offers an overview of head and neck cancers, including causes, symptoms, treatment options, and guidance on advanced or metastatic disease. For details on specific types, visit our dedicated cancer pages.
What is Head and Neck Cancer?
Head and neck cancer refers to cancers that start in the mouth, throat, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, or thyroid gland. Most of these cancers begin in the squamous cells lining these areas, known as Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCCs).
These cancers can affect important functions such as speech, swallowing, breathing, and appearance. Early diagnosis and specialist care are vital to improve outcomes.
Types of Head and Neck Cancer
Oral cancers
Tongue, gums, lip, jaw, and salivary glands.
Throat cancers
Larynx (voice box), pharynx (including oropharynx and hypopharynx).
Nasal and sinus cancers
Nose and paranasal sinuses.
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid gland at the front of the neck.
For detailed information on each type, visit our specific cancer pages.
How Common Is Head and Neck Cancer?
Head and neck cancers make up about 3.4% of all cancers diagnosed in Australia. Each year, over 5,000 Australians receive this diagnosis. Although more common in men, cases in women are increasing.
Five-year survival rates have improved from 63% in 2015 to 71% in 2019.
These cancers most often occur after age 40 but are rising among younger people, partly due to HPV-related cancers.
Common Risk Factors
Tobacco use (smoking or chewing tobacco).
Alcohol consumption, which increases risk especially when combined with smoking.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly linked to oropharyngeal cancers.
Epstein-Barr virus, associated with nasopharyngeal and some salivary gland cancers.
Other Factors Include
Prolonged sun exposure (risk for skin cancers of the head and neck).
Poor oral hygiene.
Exposure to wood dust, asbestos, or industrial chemicals.
Frequent consumption of preserved or salted foods (nasopharyngeal cancer).
Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer
If you experience any of the following symptoms for more than three weeks, see your GP or dentist without delay:
- A lump or sore that does not heal
- Persistent sore throat or hoarseness
- Difficulty swallowing
- Unexplained weight loss
- White or red patches in the mouth
- Swelling or numbness in the face or jaw
- Blocked sinuses or frequent nosebleeds
Symptoms vary depending on the cancer’s location. Early detection improves treatment outcomes
Advanced and Metastatic Cancer
When head and neck cancer spreads to other parts of the body (metastasis), treatment becomes more complex. The focus often shifts to slowing disease progression, managing symptoms, and improving quality of life.
Metastasis occurs more frequently in certain cancer types, such as adenoid cystic carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Despite advances, distant spread remains a significant challenge.
FAQs
What are the early symptoms of head and neck cancer?
Persistent sores or lumps, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and unexplained weight loss are common early signs.
How is head and neck cancer treated?
Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies depending on cancer type and stage.
Can head and neck cancer be prevented?
Avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol, practicing sun safety, and vaccination against HPV reduce risk.
What is diagnosis and staging?
Diagnosis involves a physical examination, biopsy, and imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans. Staging the cancer using the TNM system helps determine its spread and guides treatment planning.
What are some common treatment options?
Treatment depends on the cancer type, stage, location, and overall health. Common approaches include:
- Surgery to remove the tumour
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted therapies, including immunotherapy
Treatment often combines these methods. People with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer may respond well to less aggressive treatment.
Are there any side effects with treatments?
Treatments for head and neck cancer can affect speech, eating, and appearance. Common side effects include:
- Mouth or throat soreness
- Difficulty swallowing
- Fatigue
- Changes in taste or smell
- Swelling or numbness in the face or neck
Your healthcare team will support you in managing these side effects throughout recovery.
When should I seek medical advice?
If you have persistent symptoms such as a sore that won’t heal, difficulty swallowing, voice changes, or unexplained weight loss lasting longer than three weeks, consult your doctor or dentist promptly.
What support and resources are available?
A cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming — but you are not alone. Support is available through specialist care teams, treatment planning, and emotional support services. Contact WAHNCSF for personalised help and visit our cancer-specific pages for tailored information and resources.